Hound of the baskervilles Essay Example

Hound of the baskervilles Essay Example Hound of the baskervilles Paper Hound of the baskervilles Paper Essay Topic: The Hound of the Baskervilles The first description of Baskerville Hall is fury of years of storm; this sets a dark and dismal atmosphere. Storms seem to make everything dark and gloomy and sunlight seems to bring positive emotions. When it states years this shows that Baskerville Hall has not seen sunlight for a while, this suggests that the curse is still alive as Baskerville Hall is a dark, evil place. Long, dark drive, is the first statement when they arrive in Baskerville territory. This can be related to the case, as now the readers see it as long, as it is taking a while to solve, and dark because they are exploring the hound and the deaths. The house glimmered like a ghost, this shows a scary atmosphere, as ghosts are philosophical scary creatures used to express death. When Sir Arthur Conan Doyle states, ghost he may be talking about the hound, as the reader does not know whether the hound is real. It too may be philosophical like the ghost. The atmosphere now is dark and evil as dark and ghost are both representative terms associated with evil. When young Baskerville states, scare any man, it shows how scary the hall is. In the book Sherlock Holmes is seen to be different as he can pick out the smallest crucial bits of detail in seconds, for example when he was looking through the cup at Watson in chapter one. For Baskerville Hall to be deemed to scare any man implies that Holmes himself would be scared. This would make the reader feel exposed to harm as Holmes gives the impression of being fearless. Fading light shows the final comparison, as they started off in the light countryside and now they arrive at Baskerville Hall where the light is disappearing. This shows they are not safe. When they arrive at Baskerville Hall a voice states, Welcome, Sir Henry! this is ironic as Sir Henry does not feel welcome, as Baskerville Hall appears to him as gloomy and uninviting. In chapter six, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses atmosphere to compare the countryside to the moor. Comparing the scenery and the mood, as when travelling it seems to the reader that the closer they get to Baskerville Hall the further they get from safety. Also the closer they get the less peaceful it gets, as the moor is described as noisy and roaring. Also the light seems to disappear and in the countryside there were rays of sun but in the moor it states fading light. These many comparisons show that the passengers would rather be in the countryside. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses anthropomorphism to help the reader understand the emotions of the characters. Fading light represents Sherlock Holmes opinion on the case, as it seems to get more difficult. As the atmosphere gets worse through the chapter it leads the reader to believe that things will only get worse when arriving at Baskerville Hall. As the atmosphere now is dark and gloomy, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses this to make the reader interested and read on. The reader needs to get to a safe place and is encouraged to read on hoping for a return to normality. In conclusion the general feeling toward Baskerville Hall is that it is evil, and this shows that evil deeds will befall the three passengers. As it states difficult and dangerous, this leads us to believe that the curse will take a while to solve. Dangerous shows us that there will be consequences and the evil tone suggests it will involve the hound. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses atmosphere to show true feelings of the area where Sherlock Holmes is situated. In chapter two Mortimer presents Holmes and Watson with a manuscript which the always observant Sherlock Holmes had already noticed and dated as 1730. The document shows the curse of Baskerville Hall, and reveals the terror of Baskerville Hall expressed by the atmosphere in chapter six. At the time of the Great Revolution, Mortimer reads, Hugo Baskerville lorded over the Baskerville mansion in Devonshire. Sex crazed and lecherous, the infamous Hugo became obsessed with a local yeomans daughter, whom he kidnapped one day. Trapped in an upstairs room, hearing the raucous drinking and carousing going on downstairs, the girl escaped with the help of an ivy-covered wall. She fled across the expansive moorlands outside. Enraged at finding that his captive escaped, Hugo made a deal with the devil and released his hounds in pursuit of the young girl. This explains to us why the curse was placed upon the family.

Western Europe Still Reliant on The US to Provide Security †Government Essay

Western Europe Still Reliant on The US to Provide Security – Government Essay Free Online Research Papers Western Europe Still Reliant on The US to Provide Security Government Essay Between the end of the Second World War and the collapse of the USSR in 1990 the United States was Europe’s security guarantor. The principle institution for providing security for Europe against the hostile states of the Warsaw Pact was NATO. Established in 1949, NATO provided a collective security arrangement for the states of Western Europe against the Soviet threat (Reynolds 2000: 117). The principle source of strength in NATO and the ultimate guarantor of security was United States; which possessed the world’s largest economy and nuclear arsenal as well as a huge level of conventional forces. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 though the US has found itself lacking a clear role as it did in the Cold War, consequently so has NATO. Issues surrounding NATO’s role have been further clouded since 1990 by the ever increasing levels of European integration, especially as the EU attempts to develop its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Some have argued that NATO has become little more than an â€Å"American protectorate for Europe† (Calleo in Duke 2000: 175). Traditionally, the US and Europe had been tied by four main features. The first is the strong economic ties between the two. The EU and the US are each others largest source of direct investment as well as being very important trading partners (Duke 2000: 183). Secondly is an appreciation of shared cultural and political values and a shared history. Thirdly is the US’ belief in its moral responsibility to ensure peace in Europe, for both political and moral reasons. Fourthly, as a combination of all these factors there is a strong political will in the US, both at the public and governmental level for supporting close ties to Europe (Geipel 1999: pp230-240). These arguments all make the case for US involvement in European affairs and there have been very few calls in the US to stop seeing Europe as a vital strategic interest (Howorth 2000: 64). Powerful figures in the US have consistently argued that it is in the continuing self-interest of the US to have an active role in European security. Sloan (2000 passim) identifies three broad schools of thought in the US regarding involvement in European security. The first is the â€Å"traditionalist† who see a strong EU as important to maintaining a transatlantic community based on mutual values and friendship. The second, the â€Å"domestic interests†, sees the EU as working with the US to benefit US domestic interests, for example by bearing a bigger burden for its own defence. The final school, â€Å"US security interests† sees developments in the EU as weakening US national security and that the US must act in order to preserve its influence in Europe. These traditional views have been challenged by some in the US since 9/11 and especially since the Second Gulf War as the US moves towards a more unilateralist stance. The development of the CFSP Proposals for the CFSP for the EU were initiated in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and were further developed in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam which developed the relationship between the civilian community of the EU and the security community of the Western European Union. The idea was for the EU to play the role of the apocryphal phone whose non-existence Kissinger bemoaned. The ultimate aim was to have the EU acting as a single security actor in the international arena with a single foreign policy. The lack of European involvement and action in the latest Balkans crisis of 1998/9 highlighted how the military weakness and cohesiveness of the EU had not improved much since the EU’s failure to do anything decisive in the Bosnian war of 1995. Although operations in Kosovo were under NATO, they were only nominally so; the US conducted 90% of all air-strikes (Mawdsley Quille 2004: 10). This was the second time the EU had failed to resolve a crisis in its own backyard and set the scene for the first moves towards the creation of a European military force at the St. Malo conference in 1998. The St. Malo summit created the grounds for compromise and since then the French and British have worked better together in relation to CFSP (Menon Lipkin 2003: 4). The two states adopted the â€Å"Headline Goal† that the EU should aim to develop the European Security and Defence Policy, which should develop the capacity for †¦ autonomous action, backed up by credible military forces, the means to decide to use them, and a readiness to do so. (ibid. p11). As with many other aspects of the EU, this process was complicated by differences between the two states. France wanted to give the EU greater autonomy with relation to security, whereas Britain remained in favour of an Atlantacist position that kept strong relations with the US (Deighton 2002: 125). At the Helsinki European Council meeting in 1999 member states agreed upon the need to create a standing military force (ERFF). The ERFF would be capable of responding to significant humanitarian, peacekeeping or crisis-management operations; the so-called Petersberg tasks (Howorth 2000: 37). This started the first moves towards giving the EU â€Å"teeth† and was a marked shift from it being a purely civilian power into one with a military aspect. This has provoked divisions in the EU regarding the CFSP over which aspects of security member states believe the EU should adopt. Whilst Britain and France wanted the EU to have greater military capabilities, the traditional hard conception of security, other states such as Sweden argue that there should be more a focus on more normative soft aspects of security (Menon 2003: 636). This cleavage came to the forefront with the invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001. The EU was divided between members who gave military support to the US, such as Britain and France, and the neutral states who did not, such as Sweden and Ireland (Maggorie 2003). More significantly is the issue of compatibility between NATO and the ESDP (Deighton 2002: 720). Problems between NATO and the EU started to develop in the mid-nineties with the NATO proposal for developing a European Security and Defence Identity (ESDI) within the structures of NATO. This aimed at giving the European states more autonomy and responsibility for resolving Europeans, while at the same time allowing the US to maintain an important role in Europe. However, it has not been developed to any great extent and appears to have fallen by the wayside as the EU states move towards developing the ESDP (NekraÃ… ¡as 2003: 2). The US now appears to be more willing to accept ESDP, partly due to NATO enlargement which as given the US increased influence over the continent. It is also worth noting that many of the new NATO and EU member states have a much more Atlantacist than a European stance, for example the Prime Minister of Poland made comments in 2003 to the effect of claiming that only NATO could guarantee Poland’s security (Menon 2003: 635). The EU is still far from achieving absolute independence in relation to security. Apart from the reasons above, namely the divisions in the EU and between the US/EU regarding the CFSP/ESDP, there are two other important factors. Firstly, in comparison to the US it spends a pittance on defence; $152.9bn in 2000 compared to the US’ $294.7bn (Howorth 2002: 10). Secondly the US still has most of the political power. For example when the EU wished to take over NATO operations in Macedonia it was kept waiting for months while NATO, i.e. the US deliberated over whether to allow this (ibid. p11). By 2001/2 the UK, France and Germany were all much more committed to pursuing the EDSP and moved towards a formalisation of relations between the EU and NATO (Menon 2004: 643). This signified a shift away from trying to develop the ESDI within the structure of NATO. NekraÃ… ¡as (2003: 2) attributes this to recognition by the EU that military forces are not needed for preservation of their territorial integrity, but to tackle smaller scale problems as they arise and a realist view that it would be unwise to constantly rely on the US. Eventually by 2002 the EU and NATO signed an agreement formalising their partnership and the first EU mission was announced in June. In April 2003 the EU undertook its first, though somewhat limited, military mission. The mission, known as â€Å"Concordia† was to take over from NATO peacekeeping troops in the FYR Macedonia. The aim of the mission was to symbolise that the EU was developing a military capacity and to provide the first step in implementing the EDSP (Felà ­cio 2003: 1). Despite this though, old tensions and concerns were apparent both before and throughout the mission. The main archeitech of the EU force going to Macedonia was France, however the British were against sending an EU force to Macedonia in case the situation should escalate for some reason, in which case NATO forces would be needed (Menon 2003: 636). The difficulties in developing the ESDP were especially highlighted by the divisions caused both transatlantically and internally in Europe by the Iraq War. The divisions in the EU were generally between the Atlanticist and European looking states; Britain, Poland, the Czech Republic and Italy on one side and France and Germany on the other (Menon 2003: 635). In addition to the divisions created by the war in Europe there was also a question of whether NATO was still needed in the post-9/11 world. The US’ shift away from using fixed bodies such as NATO and the UN towards â€Å"coalitions of the willing† as happened in both Afghanistan and Iraq, suggests that even the US may no longer see NATO as the primary instrument through which to carry out foreign policy (Howorth 2003: 236). If NATO were to be disbanded then it would be interesting to see whether the EDSP will be accelerated as a result of the need for collective security, or whether it will become increasingly difficult as the system looses the stabilising effect of US hegemony. Theoretically the success of the EU appears to have proven the strengths of both neo-liberal institutionalism and neo-realism (Baylis 1999: 21). The neo-liberal institutionalists (e.g. Keohane 1986) can point to how closer integration between member states over 50 years has made war near impossible, whilst the neo-realists (e.g. Waltz 1979) can point to the difficulties surrounding ESDP as demonstrating how state’s will act in the national interest with regards to national security matters (Christiansen 2001: 508). Given the range and number of cleavages present in the EU, especially following enlargement, it is likely to become increasingly difficult to develop the CFSP/ESDC. The increased number of member states in the EU will make it increasingly difficult to address collective action problems such as the CFSP. Despite the above problems and developments in the ESDP it is still early days for the idea of the ESDP/ERRF. Currently the US is still very much in a hegemonic position, demonstrated by its strength in both Afghanistan and Iraq. The divisions apparent over such a relatively small scale operation as Concordia highlight the difficulties that lie ahead for ESDP. When considering how long it has taken the EU states to agree on many less important and emotion factors than national defence, it is hard to be optimistic about the ERRF/EDSP coming into existence any time soon. Until the EU has developed a working and tested ERFF it is likely that in any other future crises in Europe that the US will be required for effective action. Bibliography Books Duke, S. (2000) The Elusive Quest for European Security: From EDC to CFSP (St Anthony’s: Oxford) Keohane, R. (1986) Neorealism and its Critics (Columbia University Press: New York) Waltz, K. (1979) Theory of International Politics (McGraw-Hill Education: New York) Reynolds, D. (2000) One World Divisible: a Global History Since 1945 (Penguin: London) Smith, M. (2004) Europe’s Foreign and Security Policy: The Institutionalization of Cooperation (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge) Edited Books Baylis, J. (1999) â€Å"â€Å"Logic of Anarchy† and â€Å"Logic of Community†Ã¢â‚¬  in Hodge, C. ed. (1999) Redefining European Security (Garland Publishing: London) Christiansen, T. (2001) â€Å"European and Regional Integration† in Baylis, J. Smith, S. eds. The Globalization of World Politics 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press: Oxford) pp494-519 Deighton, A. (2003) â€Å"The European Security and Defence Policy† in Weiler, J., Begg, J. Peterson, J. eds. (2003) Integration in an Expanding European Union: Reassessing the Fundamentals (Oxford: Blackwell) pp. 275-293. Giepel, G. (1999) â€Å"The Future of American Atlantacism† in Hodge, C. (1999) ed. Redefining European Security (Garland: London) Journal Articles Ball, C. (1998) â€Å"Nattering NATO Negativism? Reasons why expansion may be a good thing† Review of International Studies Vol.24; pp43-67 Cornish, P. Edwards, G. (2001) â€Å"Beyond the EU/NATO dichotomy: the beginnings of a European strategic culture† International Affairs Vol.77:3; pp587-603 Deighton, A. (2002) â€Å"The Eleventh of September and Beyond: NATO† The Political Quarterly Vol.73:1; pp119-138 Howorth, J. (2003) â€Å"ESDP and NATO: Wedlock or Deadlock?† Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association Vol.38:3; pp235-254 Menon, A. (2004) â€Å"From Crisis to Catharsis: ESDP after Iraq† International Affairs Vol.80:4; pp631-638 Online Sources Felicio, T. (2003) â€Å"EU’s Mission in Macedonia1 – Milestone for EU’s ESDP or Proof of EU’s Dependence on its Transatlantic Partners?† ciari.org/investigacao/EU_mission_macedonia.pdf (Centro de Investigaà §o e Anise em Relaà §Ãƒ µes Internacionais) Heisbourg, F. (2000) Chaillot Paper #42 â€Å"European defence: making it work† iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai42e.pdf (Institute for Security Studies, Western European Union) Howorth, J. (2000) Chaillot Paper # 43 â€Å"European integration and defence: the ultimate challenge†? iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai43e.pdf (Institute for Security Studies, Western European Union) NekraÃ… ¡as, E. (2003) EU Enlargement and the Baltic Sea Region ui.se/balticsea_programme.pdf (Swedish Institute of International Affairs) Payne, K. (2003) â€Å"The European Security and Defence Policy and NATO† nato.int/acad/fellow/01-03/payne.pdf (NATO Research Fellowships) Sloan, S. (2000) Chaillot Paper # 39 â€Å"The United States and European Defence† iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai39e.pdf (Institute for Security Studies, Western European Union) Spinant, D. (2000) â€Å"NATO Enlargements: Towards a Pan-European Security System?† nato.int/acad/fellow/98-00/spinant.pdf (NATO Research Fellowships) Van Eekelen, W. (2000) â€Å"Interim Report: Building European Defence: NATOs ESDI and the European Unions ESDP† nato-pa.int/archivedpub/comrep/2000/at-247-e.asp (NATO Parliamentary Assembly) Research Papers on Western Europe Still Reliant on The US to Provide Security - Government EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

The context in which health and social care managers operate is as Outline

The context in which health and social care managers operate is as important as the decisions they make. Discuss this in relatio - Outline Example The case has provided supporting literature regarding social worker’s key concerns. Social worker Social workers are the people who have the obligation to assist people in adjusting to complications and problems in their lives like illness, child abuse, job hunt, mental illness, handicaps and any sort of anti-social behavior.  The main duty and responsibility of the social workers is to help people in their problems, provide counseling and linking their problem with the rules and policies of the state. The most important concern for the social worker is to provide a healthy and safe environment to the children as they are the future prospect of the state (Firestone, 2002). Baby P case There are a number of cases where social and health mangers have not delivered their duties properly and the victims of social crime had to suffer a lot. One of such cases is of â€Å"Baby P case†, which is also known as â€Å"Baby Peter case†. The case revolves around a 17 months old boy, who was killed due to the negligence of a social worker. The summary of this case is that baby Peter was abused and beaten to death by his step-father. Although, his stepfather and mother were arrested a number of times, in the mean time Peter was kept in care by a health care provider, but was later given back to the parents. Just a few days before Peter’s death, the social worker missed the injuries on his face and hands. The boy was found dead in his cot with his spine broken and severe bruises all over the body. Peter’s mother and his step father were jailed for several years. Moreover, the social worker and 3 mangers from Haringey council and a doctor were dismissed because of neglecting their due responsibility (Fresco, 2008). Contextual Factors The underlying factors that led to Peter’s death were: (1) The irresponsibility and negligence of his mother as she left Peter unattended while staying busy in pornography; (2) The social workers who came by to check on the baby, as they had left him with his mother with a belief that his mother seems very caring; this was neglect on their behalf; (3) The doctor who, due to his negligence, while examining Peter, was unable to find the broken ribs and spine. So, everyone on their behalf neglected the poor baby, all of which led to his death. Management theories Management basically is aligning people to achieve organizational goals. The management theories help establishing a road map and linking principles and concepts for a specific purpose. The main and recent theories are Systems Approach, Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building theory. (1)System approach: It emphasizes the fact that an organization is interrelated, that its actions and decisions taken in one organizational department will affect other departments as well. (2)Contingency theory: An approach that says that every organization is different from others; it faces different situations and requires different ways for managing the situation. (3): Chaos theory: It says that some situations are uncontrollable, at times the organization gets complex and it becomes hard to maintain stability. (4)Team Building theory: The approach emphasizes building teams, maintaining quality and reducing the level of hierarchy (Robbins & Coulter 2008, pp. 35-36). Interrelationship between Management theories and social worker’s practices In Baby Peter case, the social worker’s and doctor’s conduct had an effect on the respective social service provider and the