Activation Of T Lymphocytes Essay Example for Free

Enactment Of T Lymphocytes Essay Various sorts of T lymphocytes exist and each type plays out a specific capacity.  Helper T cells, otherwise called TH cells, fill in as couriers of the insusceptible system.â When partner T cells are actuated, these phones multiply and produce cytokines, which are little proteins that control the degree of safe reaction that a natural life form will express.â Several sorts of cytokines exist and every cytokine triggers the development of assistant T cells into explicit subtypes, for example, aide T cell subtype 1, 2 and 17 (Balandina et al. , 2005). Another sort of T lymphocyte is the cytotoxic T cell (CTL), which is otherwise called the TC cell.â Cytotoxic T cells are liable for the demolition of cells that were tainted by infections, just as for the obliteration of tumor cells.â These phones additionally assume a significant job in deciding if a phone is ordinarily part of the framework or an outside cell.â Cytotoxic T cells are known to be the preferred choice to respond and dismiss if an organ transplanted into a beneficiary isn't good regarding tissue similarity. The cytotoxic T cells that are related with tissue dismissal are assigned at CD8+ T cells, in view of the possibility that these cytotoxic T cells produce a particular CD8 glycoprotein that is shown on its cell membrane.â These CD8 glycoproteins associate with assistant T lymphocytes, of which may trigger its change into administrative T cells.â The significant job of administrative T cells is to hinder the beginning of an immune system issue inside the arrangement of the living being. Another sort of T lymphocyte is the memory T cell which is delivered when a disease happens in an individual.â These particular T cells keep on coursing in the blood framework for a while in any event, when the contamination has been stopped.â Memory T cells further separate into effector T cells when they locate a similar antigen that was related with the past contamination, subsequently the term memory is proper to apply to this kind of function.â Two general kinds of memory T cells incorporate the focal and effector cells.â â Memory T cells are known to convey either the CD4 or the CD8 glycoprotein on its plasma film (Wildin et al., 2001). Administrative T cells are another sort of T lymphocytes that assume a significant job in supporting the resilience of the invulnerable framework (Khattri et al., 2003).â These T cells were prior called silencer T cells and their essential job is to forestall invulnerability that is brought about by other T cells during the later phases of a resistant reaction (Fontenot et al., 2003).â Regulatory T cells are additionally answerable for repressing the insusceptible response towards different cells of the body or self cells since this is significant in keeping up the solidness of the whole immunological framework. Explicit conditions bring about the insusceptible reaction towards self cells and this is normally seen when the thymus encounters trouble in separating self cells from non-self or remote cells.â There are two significant sorts of CD4+ administrative T cells that have been characterized.â Naturally happening administrative T cells start from the thymus and are at times alluded to as CD4/CD25/ForP3 T administrative cells. The other significant kind of CD4+ administrative T cell is the versatile T administrative cell which is created when an intrinsic invulnerable reaction occurs.â This sort of cell is likewise called Tr1 or Th3 cell (Hori et al., 2003).â A distinctive component that encourages is the separation of normally happening T administrative cells from the remainder of sorts of T lymphocytes is the event of the FoxP3 particle that is arranged inside the cytoplasm.â Research has demonstrated that changes caused in the FOXP3 quality outcomes in the failure of administrative T cells to separate, which thusly impacts the beginning of the deadly state of autoimmunity. Another kind of T lymphocyte is the characteristic executioner T cell which is fills in as the communicator between the versatile and the intrinsic resistant systems.â Different from the standard T lymphocyte that recognizes protein antigens that are held by the significant histocompatibility complex (MHC), the common executioner T lymphocytes recognize glycolipid antigens that are appeared by the protein atom CD1d. The normal executioner T lymphocyte is then actuated and along these lines gains the capacity to execute explicit capacities that are identified with Th and Tc cells, including the emission of cytokines and the outflow of cytolytic particles that are liable for the demolition of remote cells that have attacked the body. Gamma-delta T lymphocytes speak to a little subtype of T cells that convey a one of a kind receptor on their plasma membrane.â Most of the T lymphocytes convey a receptor that is contained by two strings of alpha and beta glycoproteins.â In gamma-delta T lymphocytes, the receptor is made out of a gamma and a delta glycoprotein string.â Gamma-delta T lymphocytes are very uncommon, including just roughly 5% of the whole T lymphocyte populace yet are found in high fixations in the epithelial coating of the stomach, as a component of populace of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Protein antigens that trigger a reaction from gamma-delta T cells have still yet to be determined.â It is fascinating to realize that gamma-delta T lymphocytes are not solely appointed to convey significant histocompatibility complex atoms and are really fit for recognizing whole proteins than essentially seeing short protein chains conveyed by the significant histocompatibility complex particles on lymphocytes that harbor antigens. There are specific gamma-delta T cells that have the ability to distinguish a particular kind of significant histocompatibility complex particles, explicitly class IB. In the human resistant framework, the Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T lymphocyte makes up most of the gamma-delta T lymphocyte populace that is circling in the bloodstream.â These particular T lymphocytes have the capacity of rapidly responding to a small metabolite that begins from microorganisms, known as the isopentenyl pyrophosphate forerunner.  Another sort of T lymphocyte is the autoaggressive T cell which is exceptionally particular dependent on its capacity to emit the CD40 protein particle (Miura et al., 2004).â CD40 is commonly connected to T lymphocytes that current pieces of an antigen and this protein atom is usually created by a subtype of T assistant lymphocytes. Th40 cells are available in every single person yet the degrees of this particular sort of cells rapidly increment during states of autoimmunity.â In patients determined to have type 1 diabetes mellitus, the Th40 cells for the most part respond to self-antigens.â For the situation of patients determined to have non-immune system people, the Th40 lymphocytes don't respond with these antigens.â A significant capacity of the CD40 protein atom on T lymphocytes is to trigger the recombinase proteins RAG1 and RAG2 in coordinating the receptor of a T lymphocyte. The receptor of a T lymphocyte fills in as the course through which a T lymphocyte can distinguish a particular antigen.â It has been resolved that the two recombinase proteins be created solely in the thymus during the improvement of T lymphocytes.â It was, in any case, saw that the RAG proteins were discharged again by the T lymphocytes that were circling in the bloodstream.â what's more, it was additionally seen that the CD40 protein related with Th40 lymphocytes, bringing about the creation of RAG proteins.â Subsequent to the outflow of the RAG proteins, alterations in the receptor of the T cells occur, proposing that the Th40 lymphocytes convey the capacity to adjust for the whole span of an individual’s life. The technique of altering the declaration of the receptors of T cells that are circling in the circulatory system has been names as TDR revision.â Research has announced that TCR amendment impacts the development of the collection of T lymphocytes, just as creates T lymphocytes that are autoaggressive.â This perception along these lines shows that the update of the receptors of T cells is another strategy for T lymphocyte resistance. THE DEVELOPMENT OF T LYMPHOCYTES IN THE THYMUS T lymphocytes are created from the undeveloped cells of the hematopoietic framework which is situated in the bone marrow.â These undifferentiated organisms move from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they are relied upon to multiply through the procedure of cell division and produce juvenile thymocytes.â Young thymocytes for the most part don't emit any CD4 or CD8 proteins thus these cells have been depicted as CD4-CD8-cells. During their course of advancement, the youthful thymocytes procure the ability of discharging CD4 and CD8 particles and these thymocytes are presently named CD4+CD8+ (Sakaguchi, 2000).â Further development of these phones includes the particular emission of just a single protein, either the CD4 or the CD8 molecule.â Once this has been resolved in each thymocytes, these phones are then removed by the thymus with the end goal for them to flow to the remainder of the body.â Approximately 98% of the thymocytes delivered by the thymus are relied upon to break down during its development, bringing about just 2% of the thymocytes arriving at development and completely ousted by the thymus as immunocompetent T lymphocytes. Youthful thymocytes that harbor the two sorts of antigens, CD4 and CD8, relocate into the center of the thymus so as to connect with antigens that are produced by the T lymphocyte.â These thymocytes cooperate with the significant histocompatibility complex atoms that are available of the plasma film of the phones of the epithelium.â Only a particular division of thymocytes will have the option to totally tie with the significant histocompatibility complex particles in this way bringing about a sign that demonstrates the endurance of the thymocyte. The remainder of the th

You Got Served Soundtrack free essay sample

The exceptionally acclaimed kid band B2K has another hit. â€Å"B2K Presents You Got Served† is the soundtrack to the film â€Å"You Got Served,† a film dependent on the lives of four debilitated high schooler young men who love to move. Like the film, this collection has a great deal of tunes that will rapidly make them move. What I truly love about it is that it has RB, hip bounce, pop and various different classifications. Your run of the mill B2K collection just offers RB, however here you get some extra. It additionally includes Lil’ Kim, ATL, O’Ryan, Marques Houston and Jhene. This collection is the best in my B2K assortment. There are numerous features: the up-beat â€Å"Take it to the Floor† is a superb tune that makes them move each time I play it; female rapper Lil’ Kim joins B2K on â€Å"Do That Thing,† a blasting hot tune that is my top pick. We will compose a custom article test on You Got Served Soundtrack or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The best melody on the collection is â€Å"The One† by ATL, an appealing number that truly causes you to feel great. In general, â€Å"B2K Presents You Got Served† is a phenomenal collection. It isn't conventional B2K, which makes it shockingly better. This is obviously their best contribution to date and is certainly worth purchasing, particularly on the off chance that you are a genuine B2K fan!

Reducing Stress at Work - 7 Reliable Tips

Reducing Stress at Work - 7 Reliable Tips Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Reducing Stress at Work 7 Reliable TipsUpdated On 18/11/2019Author : Ram kumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : https://hbb.me/2XqYzOg CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogStress is so prevalent in today’s society that it can hardly be called anything other than a plague. It’s a disease that an alarming percentage of society is afflicted by. Of course, considering the amount of information we’re bombarded with every day, as well the breakneck pace we’re all expected to live by, it’s no wonder that people get a little bit tense.Out of all of the sources of stress that are the bane of our existence, it appears that work may be the most common. Stress in the workplace is something most of us struggle with in some way, shape, or form, though for the most part, we resign ourselves to a life of quiet suffering. “It’s just the way it’s supposed to be,” we tell oursel ves. “It’s work. It’s supposed to be stressful.”Well, we’re here to tell you that’s not true. Of course, there is some work-related stress that won’t just go away regardless of what you do and it should stay that way, since a little bit of stress is what sparks productivity! But there are ways in which you can reduce stress to a manageable level. Here are seven tip we find the most useful and reliable.#1 Put your best foot forwardStarting off with a tip that’s relevant even outside of the workplace, it’s important to start your day right. You’d be surprised with how much stress you can avoid simply by organizing your mornings well. If you make sure that you have time to eat your breakfast, get everything ready on time, leave at an appropriate hour, and just psych yourself up for the day ahead of you, you’re bound to be able to deal with what’s to come at work much easier.If you’re really struggling to find the time which might very well be the case if you have kids consider preparing at least some of the things you have to do the evening before you go to bed. Alternatively, set your alarm a little earlier you’d be surprised with how relaxing the small hours of the morning when no one will bother you can be!#2 Be organizedOne of the leading reasons for stress in the workplace is a lack of control. If you work in a chaotic environment, with your responsibilities constantly changing at a whim, it may be the cause of more than a headache in the long run. That’s why taking control is key. Of course, there’s only so much you can do to influence the whims of your superiors (more on that later), but there are things you can take control of right now that will make your work much more bearable.Plan ahead set up a schedule for your tasks. See which are top priority and which can wait a bit and make sure you take them on in a logical sequence. Use markers, spreadsheets anything that will help you contain the chaos better. See if ther e’s anything you can do to learn how to send a fax online ahead of time. If you can, make sure you delegate tasks to others so that you have a little more breathing room. Lastly, take a look at your desk is it well organized? Do you have everything you need handy with no distractions? A controlled environment begets actual control, so go on! Organize your desk, and your workflow is bound to improve as well.#3 Keep yourself comfortableSpeaking of organizing your desk, did you know that discomfort can be a big factor in reducing your ability to focus? This, in turn, increases stress. It’s in your best interest, then, to make sure that you are sitting comfortably at all times. If you’re working a full-time job, it is the responsibility of your superiors to make sure you have a chair that offers support in all the right places, as well as a keyboard and mouse pad with padding, so you can avoid ailments like carpal tunnel syndrome. If you’re self-employed though, you’re on you r own don’t skimp on office furniture. Not only will you be less stressed, but you’ll also stay healthier for longer.READWhy Infographics Are Important To Your Blog#4 Stretch your legsSitting down all day is killer for your back, your legs the whole package, really. It also makes you more stressed out. What you want to do to combat that is to make sure you take regular breaks. Not just any break will do, though you need to make sure you spend that time moving around, preferably outdoors, where the sun can run its course and supplant you with some very beneficial vitamin D. You’d be surprised how much of a difference that can make for your mental well-being.#5 Eat wellAs tempting as it might be to start your day at work with a cup of coffee, it’s actually best to avoid caffeinated drinks if you want to avoid stress. In general, sticking to a healthy diet can come a long way in making you feel more relaxed and in control of your life. Avoid sugars and get some more omega-3 fatty acids in you, eat more fruit and veggies and you’re bound to see results pretty quickly. You might lose some weight along the way, too, which is an added bonus!#6 CommunicateWe’ve mentioned that instability at work is one of the most prevalent sources of stress. The thing is, in most cases this is not done out of malice, as professional life can get pretty rapid, leading to your superiors having to change their plans and tactics on the fly. The best course of action is to talk to them about how it affects you perhaps something can be done to take the load off your shoulders.It might also be the case that the main source of stress for you are your poor relationships with your coworkers. We all know office politics can be quite catty and gossipy at times, which can be very stress-inducing. The best course of action in this case is to find the coworkers you can talk to and focus on fostering good friendships with them. A companion can come a long way in making the workplace feel less hostile.#7 Leave work matters behind as you finishLastly, we have the most important tip of all don’t take your work home with you. This also applies to freelancers who work from home, though admittedly, that is a bit harder to do. This is, of course, all easier said and done, since in particularly stressful situations, it might be hard to separate yourself from that office mental space just as you finish. What helps in those cases is following some kind of ritual to help you draw a clear line between your work life and your private life. Whether it’s twirling your keys around exactly three times or hanging your coat on a designated hanger, this is a simple trick that can help you mentally get away from all the stress.

Pricing Startegies for Mcdonald - 2297 Words

PRICING STRATEGIES Global pricing is one of the most critical and complex issues that McDonald’s faces since price is the only marketing mix instruments that create revenues while all other elements entail costs. A multinational company such as McDonald’s also faces the challenges of how to coordinate their pricing across different countries because of the fact that a company’s global pricing policy may make or break its overseas expansion efforts. In this case, McDonald’s is using Value-Pricing Strategy whereby its offer just the right combination of quality and good service at a fair price to their consumers. There are main drivers which affecting the McDonald’s global pricing such as the company goals, the company costs, the customer†¦show more content†¦McDonald’s also encountered other barriers such as for example in India where the citizen worship cows as their God and does not eat them, the advertisement of the McDonald’s product that based on beef is condemned and drew heavy criticism from the Indian society. McDonald’s Television Campaign and Slogan. McDonalds has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events from ranging from Little League to the Olympic Games, and makes coolers of orange drink with their logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the companys advertising strategy. Until today, McDonalds has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions. There have been many McDonalds advertising campaigns and slogans over the years. The company is one of the most prevalent fast food advertisers. McDonalds Canadas corporate website states that the commercial campaigns have always focused on the overall McDonalds experience, rather than just product. The purpose of the image has always been portraying warmth and a real slice of every day life. Its Television advertisements showing various people engaging in popularShow MoreRelatedMcdonalds Pricing1208 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment. This is indeed the case with its implementation of its pricing strategy, which is one of localisation rather than globalisation. Table II illustrates the comparative Big Mac prices (flagship brand of McDonald’s) from around the world. It succeeds in highlighting the point that McDonald’s has had to come up with different pricing strategies for different countries. More importantly, rather than just having a different pricing policy for the Big Mac in these listed countries, McDonald’s hasRead MoreMcdonalds Project.Pdf File11266 Words   |  46 Pages ´Marketing strategies of McDonald ¶s ´ ACTUAL FACTS ABOUT MCDONALDS COFFEE CASE 4|P a ge On February 1992 the headlines of news paper hits with a McDonalds coffee case news. The case was about Stella Lie beck of Albuquerque, New Mexico, was in the passenger seat of her grandsons car when she was severely burned by McDonalds coffee in February 1992. Lie beck was 79 at the time, ordered coffee that was served in a Styrofoam cup at the drive through window of a local McDonalds. After receiving the orderRead MoreBusiness Plan Template5269 Words   |  22 Pagesfirm. PRICING Pricing is the process of establishing the maximum price of the product or service at which it can be sold. Pricing strategy is a part of the company’s marketing strategy it involves setting the price of the product/service in such a way that it aids towards the smooth operation of the business. There are several ways of pricing strategy such as market skimming, target pricing, value pricing psychological pricing, contribution pricing, cost-plus pricing, penetration pricing, tenderRead Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 Pageshighly flexible and adaptable to change, so if business idea or plan does not work out then Keith and Tonina are quite flexible in making the necessary changes, e.g. it is relatively easy to transfer a small restaurant to a hair salon than for McDonalds to change their operations. Small businesses such as EXP might operate in niche markets and can become highly profitability yet these markets may be untouched by larger businesses that are more concerned with mass market operations. There is

Theories For The Classification Of Culture Essay - 1179 Words

Theories For The Classification Of Culture A culture is a sum of attitude, values, beliefs, and customs that distinguishes a person or group of people from another. Culture is inherited from one generation to another through languages, rituals, religion, art and many other such things. In the business world, the comparing, dealing or interacting of different people from different culture, community or background is called cross culture management. It is an important function for international firm, as the success of the business depends upon the way of dealing and interacting with the employees from different culture or region. If an employee is appointed or transferred to another country .i.e host country (HCNs), he will face problems like culture, language, attitude and so on. So the employee must learn these things to be efficient. Such issues related to cross cultural management is developing nowadays, as globalization and competition is increasing. Many economist’s did research to solve this problem and came out with different model’s and theories. Today, we are going to study two of such models/theories, which are Hofstede’s model and Fons Trompenaars cultural dimension. (http://www.investopedia.com/, 2014) Hofstede’s Model Greet Hofstede is a Dutch social psychologist who did a comprehensive study of culture across modern nations. His most popular book is Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (1991). He conducted a pioneering studies of how values inShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theories And Philosophies Of Case, Kouzes, And Drucker1689 Words   |  7 Pagesmany leadership theories and philosophies currently used to describe the different principles and strategies by various leaders to drive their decision making and actions in the business world. A common perception about leaders is that they are born and not made. This theory often portrays great leaders as destined to rise to leadership. However, there are many different classifications of other commonly used leadership theories which include trait theories, contingency theories, situational theoriesRead MoreThe Archaeological Theory Of Practice1451 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Archaeological Theory in Practice textbook, the positive legacies of Culture History are detailed by V. Gordon Childe’s archaeological theory processes. It emphasized that cultural History subdivided historical societies into distinct ethnic and cultural groups by their physical culture, rejecting a comparative method and independent cultural development, with documentation reflecting the development of specific groups have distinctive set of traits unique to each cultural group. It explainedRead MoreBinary Oppositions And Its Impact On The Context Of Culture871 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolic anthropologists examined binary oppositions in the context of culture, investigating how rules were formed as a result of these contradictions. The four main theorists of symbolic anthropology all have different opinions on what binary oppositions mean to culture; however, all of them agree that culture must be organised in some way and that binary oppositions play a role this organisation. Claude Levi-Strauss’s theory of binary oppositions was extremely influential in the anthropologicalRead MoreCritically Evaluate Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in Relation to Employee Motivation in Contemporary Chinese Business953 Words   |  4 PagesMaslow has a clear classification of normal human’s needs which consisted by physiological, safety, belonging, esteem and self-actualization. Also Maslow (1986) stated that as long as the lower-level needs are met, people would modify to satisfy the higher-level needs and this is what brings motivation out. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is classic, however, it seems that this theory cannot be applied to the whole business environment. This essay will evaluate whether Maslow’s theory is suitable to theRead MoreTechnical and Tactical Classification of Games and Physical Activity1324 Words   |  5 PagesTechnical and Tactical Classification of Games and Physical Activity Objective The objective of this study is to analyze the technical and tactical principles of play for the major sport classification together with the different methods and instructional approaches. Introduction The work of Dyson, Griffin and Hastie (2004) entitled Sport Education, Tactical Games and Cooperative Learning: Theoretical and Pedagogical Considerations states that many educators hold the belief that studentsRead MoreYouth And The Hip Hop Youth Culture1695 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian Youth Culture Introduction Youth has various definitions. It can be considered as a state of mind, a life stage, or a stage of development. Youth can also be considered as a creation of marketing and a demographic category. Youth cultures as well as subcultures based on the theory or theories applied refer to cultures that in most part comprise of young people as the members. Youth cultures are determined by ways of living and they revolve around peer groups that stress a definitiveRead MoreCommodity School1154 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Theory Commodity School 01.11.2012 [Åžirket adÄ ±nÄ ± yazÄ ±n] Bahcesehir University, MA Marketing What is commodity school and what are strengths and weaknesses of that thought? Marketing theory has been discussed over years. Many theorists had tried to explain marketing thought since it was a separate field apart from economics. In order to indicate progress of the theory; Sheth, Gardner and Garret in the book of Marketing Theory Evolution and Evaluation compiled all schools of marketingRead MoreHow to Write Good Essey1042 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious types of essay, comprising example, comparison and contrast, cause and effect relation, classification, and process analysis for descriptive and expository types of essay. Contents The knowledge and skills offered to the students would cover the components and organization of an essay, including using examples, details, casual analysis, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, classification and process analysis. Besides skill in writing, the students are also expected to learn to judgeRead MoreAdditionally, In His Book â€Å"Distinction,† Bourdieu Discusses1321 Words   |  6 PagesAdditionally, in his book â€Å"Distinction,† Bourdieu discusses cultural capital and the way people use classes of classifications while classifying one another. As habitus, fields and cultural capital develop distinct of different class factions within social spaces, of the â€Å"sacred† sphere of culture that legitimates social order. Therefore, people undoubtedly know their place within society as well quickly identify other individuals who are within their class are other factions of society that areRead MoreDifferent Types of Change Management Models844 Words   |  3 Pagessynthesis different types of change/models of change were introduced. Many change management models are adapted from natural science models such as chaos theory or the behavior of living organisms to nature (Dooley, 1997). The application of these theories will be used as a Meta theory for better understanding change management behavior in theory and practice. Therefore change management models have evolved over the last decades. In addition, change models can be used for changing a strategy (Gioia

The Underdogs By Mariano Azuela - 1416 Words

The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela is arguably the most important novel of the Mexican Revolution because of how it profoundly captures the atmosphere and intricacies of the occasion. Although the immediate subject of the novel is Demetrio Macias - a peasant supporter of the Mexican Revolution -, one of its extensive themes is the ambivalence surrounding the revolution in reality as seen from a broader perspective. Although often poetically revered as a ‘beautiful’ revolution, scenes throughout the novel paint the lack of overall benevolence even among the protagonist revolutionaries during the tumultuous days of the revolution. This paper will analyze certain brash characteristics of the venerated revolution as represented by Azuela’s†¦show more content†¦Macias is clearly not interested in the comforts of material riches and physical safety as Cervantes is. While Cervantes later decides to escape abroad, Demetrio, pursuing his own interest in proving himse lf as an intrepid man and warrior, decides to continue to fight for the revolution despite knowing that there appears to be no end in sight and at the same time sensing the initial purpose of the revolution slowly turning vague. Cervantes, on the other hand, has a different perception of the revolution - which seems nobler and greater - until we learn about its shortcomings on a practical level. He pointed out that the revolution, which was bound to win, was meaningless if Mexico is going to fall again in the cluthces of [its] eternal opressors, excecutioners, and caciques. Cervantes believes that he and Demetrio and his men are the tools Destiny makes use of to reclaim the sacred rights of the people, and that they should be fighting against tyranny itself for principles and ideals. On a rhetorical level this view seems sound and virtuous. However, the foreboding dark consequences remain discernible. Rhetoric plays a crucial role in moldingShow MoreRelatedThe Underdogs By Mariano Azuela1302 Words   |  6 Pagesup and leaving their families for reasons they do not fully comprehend. It is the women, however, in the novel The Underdogs, by Mariano Azuela, that understand this all too well. In The Underdogs, the author depicts Northern Mexican villages overrun by the Mexican Revolution sending impromptu soldiers to fight the war, leaving few citizens left behind with essentially nothing. Azuela paints a picture of the tremendous pressure put on the citizens of Northern Mexico during the Revolution and we seeRead MoreEssay on The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela958 Words   |  4 PagesAuthor Mariano Azuelas novel of the Mexican revolution, The Underdogs, conveys a fictional representation of the revolution and the effects it had on the Mexican men and women who lived during that time. The revolutionary rebels were composed of different men grouped together to form small militias again st the Federalists, in turn sending them on journeys to various towns, for long periods of time. Intense fighting claimed the lives of many, leaving women and children behind to fend for themselvesRead MoreEssay about Analysis of The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela822 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela In The Underdogs written by Mariano Azuela, we are introduced to a character that strongly symbolizes the fuel of the Mexican Revolution. Heroes like Demetrio Macias brought the Serrano’s hope of giving them what they felt they truly deserved. Although Demetrio Macias, the general (colonel) of a rebel army is hunting down the army of Pancho Villa, he seems to have the same ideals as the enemy. In addition to Demetrio Macias, we meet women like CamillaRead MoreThe Underdogs by Mariano Azuela as a Reflection of the Mexican Revolution2158 Words   |  9 PagesThe Underdogs by Mariano Azuela as a Reflection of the Mexican Revolution In 1910, the first social upheaval of the 20th century was unleashed in Mexico. Known as the Mexican Revolution, its historical importance and impact inspired an abundance of internationally renowned South American authors. Mariano Azuela is one of these, whose novel, The Underdogs is often described as a classic of modern Hispanic literature. Having served as a doctor under Pancho Villa, a revolutionary leader of theRead MoreThe Underdogs Is The Most Important Novel Written By Mariano Azuela868 Words   |  4 PagesThe underdogs is the most important novel written by Mariano Azuela which is deeply linked to the historical context of how the Mexican Revolution was established, especially in the northern states of Mexico. The Mexican Revolution it was intended to ensure a fairer way of life of the agricultural classes. However, it was harsh, brutal, and bloody complex conflict for the whole country, in which federalism and rebels have been fighting tirelessly for a cause they both be lieved to be flawless. AzuelaRead MoreTheu.s. Mariano Azuela s The Underdogs ( Los De Abajo )1320 Words   |  6 Pagesthat were finally implemented was not worth the senseless violence that wracked Mexico. Mariano Azuela, in his novel The Underdogs (Los de abajo), examines this notable problem of the Mexican Revolution through the narrative of a band of rebel soldiers. Their leader is a poor, illiterate, Indian Demetrio Marcà ­as, with his trusted aide the educated, city-boy, journalist Luis Cervantes. As displayed in The Underdogs, the disillusionment with the revolution resulted from the lack of a clear purpose forRead MoreMariano Azuelas the Underdogs1512 Words   |  7 PagesMariano Azuela’s The Underdogs, is about a brotherhood of the Mexican people taking a journey with only one thing on their mind; revenge against Huerta and the Federales. In this story, we as the reader are confronted with characters, such as Demetrio Macias, who is destined to lead his people int o the depths of retaining an incorrupt lifestyle and hopes to find peace from the effect of war. Although Demetrio is seen as one of the main characters in the novel, we are also briefly engaged in the otherRead MoreA Reflection Of The Mexican Revolution1713 Words   |  7 PagesA Reflection of the Mexican Revolution â€Å"’I love the revolution like a volcano in eruption; I love the volcano because it’s a volcano; the revolution because it’s the revolution!’† cries a revolutionary soldier in Azuela’s The Underdogs (159). The Mexican Revolution of 1910 was aimed to overthrow the dictatorship of the Mexican government, which was in constant turmoil as presidents were constantly toppled from power. Porfirio Diaz, the president at the time the uprising began, was removed fromRead MoreThe Underdogs Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesHIST 342 The Underdogs Second Examination (Part I) Mariano Azuelas The Underdogs tells the story of a dauntless Indian farmer who almost unintentionally rises to a generalship in Pancho Villas rebel army during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Though the events that occur throughout the book are not actual events that took place during the revolution, Azuela is able to paint a very realistic picture of the revolution and leaves a bitter taste in the mouth of the reader as one witnesses theRead MoreWomen of The Underdogs We were asked to write a 7-8 page paper on Mariano Azuelas The Underdogs, and how women were portrayed in it, as well as whether or not we felt the portrayal was accurate.2391 Words   |  10 PagesWomen of The Underdogs Mariano Azuelas novel, The Underdogs, is a male-dominated novel. The story of the exploits and wartime adventures of a rebel band during the Mexican Revolution is primarily driven by men; the majority of the characters are men who are separated from their families and lives and who are fighting for a cause in which they strongly believe (at least at the beginning of the novel). Despite the masculine story, however, there are two highly developed and significant female characters

Ethics and Counselor Essay Example For Students

Ethics and Counselor Essay Case Vignette1: Jessica Jessica is sixteen years old, and is sent to the school counselor following concerns from her year level coordinator. Jessica is finding it difficult to concentrate in class, is continuously late to school, and often arrives to school disheveled and unkempt. The coordinator is concerned about what may be happening at home with Jessica, and that she may be getting involved in a notoriously bad circle of friends in the area known for drug taking and other delinquent activities. Although reluctant during the first few sessions to disclose anything much, Jessica begins to trust the counselor and opens up about her frequent drug use. She says she used to only smoke marijuana, but that now this had increased to weekly party hits of Cocaine and speed. She tells the counselor that the effects of these drugs is beginning to diminish and that she feels like she has to try something harder like heroin, to gain the same effect. That week the counselor receives a call from Jessica’s parents wanting to know what is going on with their daughter. What should she do? Ethical standard involved: The issue here is of sharing confidential information divulged by a minor during therapy with the parents. The following points from the Singapore Association for Counselling, Australian Counselling Association and American Counseling Association pertain to this issue: Singapore Association for Counselling (SAC)’s Code of Ethics: Section B point number 3, which states ‘Members discuss with clients as early as feasible in the therapeutic relationship appropriate issues such as the nature and anticipated course of counseling, fees and confidentiality’. Australian Counselling Association (ACA)’s Code of Conduct: Code of Ethics section, point number five which states, ‘as members of the ACA we will: offer a promise of confidentiality and explain the limits of duty of care’. Also the following points in the Code of Practice section: 2. 1 Issues of Responsibility 2. 1. 6. 1 Counsellors must take all reasonable steps to be aware of current law as it applies to their counselling practice. 2. 3 Confidentiality 2. 3. 4 Exceptional Circumstances 2. 3. 4. Any disclosure of confidential information should be restricted to relevant information, conveyed only to appropriate people and for appropriate reasons likely to alleviate the exceptional circumstances. The ethical considerations include achieving a balance between acting in the best interests of the client and the counsellor’s responsibilities to the wider community. 2. 3. 4. 3 Counsellors hold different views about the grounds for breaking confidentiality, such as potential self-harm, suicide, and harm to others. Counsellors must consider their own views, as they will affect their practice and communicate them to clients and significant others e. g. supervisor, agency. American Counseling Association (ACA)’s Code of Ethics: Section A: The Counseling relationship A. 1 Welfare of Those Served by Counselors A. 1. d. Support Network Involvement Counselors recognize that support networks hold various meanings in the lives of clients and consider enlisting the support, understanding, and involvement of others (for e. g. , religious/ spiritual/ community leaders, family members, and friends) as positive resources, when appropriate, with client consent. A. 2. Informed Consent in the Counseling Relationship A. 2. d. Inability to Give Consent When counseling minors or persons unable to give voluntary consent, counselors seek the assent of clients to services and include them in decision making as appropriate. Counselors recognize the need to balance the ethical rights of clients to make choices, their capacity to give consent or assent to receive services, and parental or familial legal rights and responsibilities to protect these clients and make decisions on their behalf. Section B: Confidentiality, Privileged Communication and Privacy B. . Clients Lacking Capacity to Give Informed Consent B. 5. b. Responsibility to Parents and Legal Guardians Counselors inform parents and legal guardians about the role of counselors and the confidential nature of the counseling relationship. Counselors are sensitive to the cultural diversity of families and respect the inherent rights and responsibilities of parents/ guardians over the welfare of t heir children/ charges according to law. Counsellors work to establish, as appropriate, collaborative relationships with parents/ guardians to best serve clients. Ethical trap possibilities: There being not enough information about the counselor in the case, to ascertain the possibility of a values or objectivity trap. Circumstantiality: Jessica is a minor but she is 16, which is a bit of a grey area between being a child and adult and depending on Jessica’s psychological development, the counsellor may fall into a Circumstantiality trap and procrastinate about informing her parents. Preliminary response: Jessica is a minor and her parents are stake holders in her well-being. Drug abuse is a major clinical and life issue and her parents deserve to be informed. Having said that, the counselor should discuss it with Jessica first and sensitively deal with her inevitable resistance. The counselor should inform her of her duty to take the parents into confidence and draw her attention to the limits of confidentiality and also the informed consent process that she must have gone through at the beginning of the therapy. How to deal with this disclosure depends on her own state of mind and her family situation. Does she recognize that she has a problem and is she looking for a way to come out of it? Or is she unapologetic about her drug abuse and wants to keep going down that path? Then the counselor should try to understand by discussing with Jessica how she thinks her parents will react. Her family background could be complicated. In that event the counselor’s accurate judgment of the level of support the parent/s can offer is vital to the disclosure process. If the parents are up to their necks with their own problems relationship or work issues etc. t is very likely they won’t be in a position to offer much support and on the contrary may even resent her for adding to their list of problems. In such a scenario the counselor can either recommend family therapy if she thinks it will help Jessica and her family come to terms with her drug abuse and any other issues they may be facing. If however, the counselor either from Jessica’s account or from an actual meeting fee ls that Jessica’s family will not be able to offer the needed support then they will have to explore other ossibilities like support networks for drug abusers etc If on the other hand, Jessica’s family comes across as supportive and wanting to be with her as she tries to come out of the drug habit, the counselor can then make the most of their involvement and seek their help and understanding and complementing Jessica’s therapy. Ideally Jessica informing them herself would be the best option. The counselor can offer her office as a neutral venue for them to meet and discuss, can also offer to be there to facilitate the conversation. As a last resort if Jessica cannot bring herself to tell her parents, the counsellor can offer to do it for her. There is also the legal aspect to be considered. Drug abuse is a serious offence in Singapore, however there is no mandatory reporting per se and it really depends on the counsellor whether and at what stage she wants to involve the police or Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS). She could choose to delay that decision and explore how Jessica benefits from the therapy before she reports. Roman Architecture EssayC. 2. g. Impairment Counselors are alert to the signs of impairment from their own physical, mental, or emotional problems and refrain from offering or providing professional services when such impairment is likely to harm a client or others. They seek assistance for problems that reach the level of professional impairment and, if necessary, they limit, suspend, or terminate their professional responsibilities until such time it is determined that they may safely resume their work. Counselors assist colleagues or supervisors in recognizing their own professional impairment and provide consultation and assistance when warranted with colleagues or supervisors showing signs of impairment and intervene as appropriate to prevent imminent harm to clients. Section D: Relationships with Other Professionals D. 1 Relationships with Colleagues, Employers, and Employees D. 1. h Negative conditions Counselors alert their employers of inappropriate policies and practices. They attempt to effect changes in such policies or procedures through constructive action within the organization. When such policies are potentially disruptive or damaging to clients or may limit the effectiveness of services provided and change cannot be affected, counselors take appropriate further action. Such action may include referral to appropriate certification, accreditation, or state licensure organizations, or voluntary termination of employment. Section H: Resolving Ethical Issues H. 1. Standards and the Law H. 1. a. Knowledge Counselors understand the ACA Code of Ethics and other applicable ethics codes from other professional organizations or from certification and licensure bodies of which they are members. Lack of knowledge or misunderstanding of an ethical responsibility is not a defense against a charge of unethical conduct. H. 2. Suspected Violations H. 2. a. Ethical Behavior Expected Counselors expect colleagues to adhere to the ACA Code of Ethics. When counselors posses knowledge that raises doubt as to whether another counselor is acting in an ethical manner, they take appropriate action. H. 2. b. Informal Resolution When counselors have reason to believe that another counselor is violating or has violated an ethical standard, they attempt first to resolve the issue informally with the other counselor if feasible, provided such action does not violate confidentiality rights that may be involved. H. 2. c. Reporting Ethical Violations If an apparent violation had substantially harmed or is likely to substantially harm a person or organization and is not appropriate for informal resolution or is not resolved properly, counselors take further action appropriate to the situation. Such action might include referral to state or national committees on professional ethics, voluntary national certification bodies, state licensing boards, or to the appropriate institutional authorities. This standard does not apply when an intervention would violate confidentiality rights or when counselors have been retained to review the work of another counselor whose professional conduct is in question. Ethical Trap Possibilities: This is a Values trap if Alex is influencing his clients and urging them to adopt solutions that are consistent with his values without regard to their value system. Preliminary Response: Alex has very strong values in the areas of contraception and abortion and based on the information in the case study, makes no secret about it. He is also trying to propagate his views by talking to other staff members about the need to save lives and oppose abortion. Therefore it appears that he is not the ideal therapist for single female clients with issues relating to family planning because of his ‘contraception is sinful and abortion is murder’ views. Also he might have a conflict of interest between being a therapist and the President of the local right to life organization. Although there is no clear information on whether he is indeed imposing his values during therapy on clients; as a colleague I should be concerned on various points: Is he respecting the client’s autonomy and right to self-determination? Is he abusing the power of the counselor’s position? How would he deal with a single female client who is in a sexual relationship? Would he ‘advise’ her against contraception? Or with a client that is pregnant and does not want the pregnancy? Would he try to convince her that ‘abortion is murder? ’ Having observed Alex’s behavior and had concerns about how it is affecting his clients, it becomes a part of my ethical duty as a counselor to discuss the issue with Alex. How do I go about it? Taking a higher moral position or accusing him of unethical practice outright will alienate him and that will not serve my purpose. I should probably try to initiate an open discussion with him about whether he feels that his values conflict with his work specially when working with the kind of clients that frequent our agency and how he deals with it. Maybe I could involve another colleague to get a second opinion, but taking care not to create an unfavorable opinion about him in the agency or indulge in rumor mongering. Possible Consequences of adopting this response: When we have this discussion Alex may open up to me and share that he has been feeling the same way. It may be that his views are not actually as fanatical as they appear to be. If that is the case I should support him, in whatever ways he feels will be useful. I could also encourage him to seek supervision from senior counselors (if he has not already contemplated it) so that there is third party expert validation of his efficiency as a counselor and also of the fact that he has recognized that there is a problem and is trying to address it. On the other hand, he might be completely blind to his problem. In that case, I will have to sensitively draw his attention to how it appears to an observer that he has a serious conflict of values with his clients. Another option could be that after discussing with him I get the feeling that he is consciously abusing his position as a counselor and imposing his values and using his professional position to propagate his values. Something like that would probably call for more serious action like bringing indiscriminately unethical practice to the notice of the agency by initiating a complaint procedure. Ethical Resolution: I should definitely bring up the matter with Alex. Ignoring the issue would mean I am failing in my ethical duty. Depending on his reaction to our discussion, I should support him as he tries to deal with the issue by offering suggestions and feedback. I should encourage him to seek supervision. I should also try to get a second opinion and see if others feel the same way as me. If it turns out that Alex is either not ready to change or worse is abusing his power as a counselor to propagate his values, it is my ethical duty to report him to the agency. Last but not least if I then observe that the agency is turning a blind eye to Alex’s behavior in spite of drawing their attention to it I see his clients’ welfare suffering as a result of his unethical practice, as an ethical counselor it behooves me to pursue the matter and further take it up with the regulating body. Which aspects of this dilemma do I anticipate would be the most challenging for me to deal with? Why? If I were Alex’s colleague in this situation, my pro-choice views would directly clash with his pro-life stance and I would be alert to this fact and leave it out during our discussions lest it becomes a personal issue between me and him.